Forensic linguistics

Introduction Laws are a major contributor of how people behave and how they relate to each other. Our relationships with the people who live around us are molded by the existing laws.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Forensic linguistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Man’s everyday activities ranging from buying of commodities to selling of products and everything else is done and made formal through a binding law. Law can be written or oral which ever seems convenient to use by the parties involved. Some people sign contracts which are a form of law while others agree orally which itself can also be a form of law if there were people who were specifically invited to witness. The law represents a society value system imposing both the required rights and obligations, punishing those who behave against the society will. However, to make these laws succeed and function properly; there is a languag e which is used (legal language) which enables the exchange of information as well as the understanding of the involved parties easier. From an institution perspective, law can be described as a linguistic institution. Everything in law is communicated through a specific language (coded) and the concepts of understanding the law itself are coded through the same language. Almost every legal process involves the use of a language. The legal processes indicated above ranges from proceedings in the courts to investigations conducted by the police and also to the management of prisoners. This is a clear identification that contacts through which we as people are able to communicate with other people are guided and controlled by the language. The language has to be common for the message to be understood since without a common language, people could never understand each other. Studies investigating the relationship between law and language have been ongoing for several years now with ho w language is used to get the required information in solving a legal issues being a subject of major interest. It is with the increased interests that the field of forensics linguistic has been introduced to the law sector. Forensics linguistics involves studying of a language to identify people or parties involved in a certain issue whether criminal and civil in order to solve their problem amicably without some parties being wrongly judged while others are wrongfully acquitted for crimes committed. Forensics linguistics is thus summarized as the use of language in court proceedings or legal issues either to present a case or get evidence from one party (Gibbons, 2).Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What is forensics linguistics? The study of languages is defined as Linguistic. It involves differentiating one language from the other. To understand the different languages, linguistics uses several techniques which include among others the phonetics, morphology and phonology. Sometimes, each of the above techniques can require different people since they also qualify to be independent fields within linguistics (McDavid, S McDavid, R 238). Other than the three noted subfields, a new subfield which has gained popularity among the scholars lately has been the forensic linguistics. A part from forensics linguistics being qualified in the analysis of language, most of them possess other analytical skills such as mathematics, statistics science and the law itself which they have to deal with. The possession of these analytical skills makes analyzing and understanding of both written and spoken language. In return, this increases the chances of making a sound judgment when it is decision time. Forensic language involves the use of legal questions in order to get the important information needed. Questions as to who initiated the conflict, who wrote a threaten ing letter to his father, who swore he could do what? Are examples of questions which are investigated in this field? Professionals in this field address the aspects of the language and the analytical arsenal of linguistics from existing theories such as the speech act theory and thematic theory. To understand the law, one has to understand the language used in a court of law. For example what are statutes, arrest warrants, subpoenas which are among the legal terms mostly used in legal proceedings? The work of forensic linguistic spans over a wide area ranging from issues dealing with trademarks, plagiarism of the written materials to confessions and hate crimes. In summary, we can indicate that the field of forensic linguistics involves analyzing legal issues through rigorous and scientifically recognized principles of linguistic analysis. It is only after successful analysis that the results are then translated into legal evidence. What’s the job of forensics linguistics? A forensic linguistic contributes into solving problems related to linguistic concerns through different ways. They use different techniques since there is no single uniform method of retrieving the required information. For example, forensic linguistics helps in making legal documents easily readable and more comprehensive.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Forensic linguistics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These legal documents include contracts, jury instructions, and agreements among others. By concentrating their efforts in the job at hand, the often complicated language within these documents is simplified and the complicated phrases within the document are made easily understandable by the people previously may not have ad the ability. Forensic linguistics also help lawyers (attorneys) in explaining clearly to the court of law the legal terms using more commonly used terms as a result making comm unication between the involved parties even much easier. For example, sometimes linguistics forensics are invited to courts of law or them to testify and clarify the meaning of certain written or spoken words if a dispute arises into the true meaning of the words. Settling trademark disputes is another function the forensic linguistics engages in. if two parties are in dispute about a certain trademark, it is the work of forensic linguistics to determine who really owns the right to use the trademark. They also investigate the authorship attribution (who wrote or who spoke) of a language. This includes those who issues threats or those who leave behind suicide notes .In case of suicide notes, the forensic linguistics determines who really wrote the notes. Did the victim write the note or did some other people write the note after killing the man. By analyzing his writing styles and comparing them to other pieces the victim has ever written, these experts are even able to determine w hether the note was written through coercion or it was free will. As part of their job, they help the law enforcing officials in authenticating everything which might be used in solving a dispute whether spoken or written. to achieve genuine end results, forensics linguistic studies the presented information (written or oral) by observing whether there are comparisons or differences which can be noted. They have learnt the art of determining whether the same person made the different recordings. By analyzing the presented piece of information, forensic linguistics can be able to decide the background of the person and where he comes from. Just by listening or reading the confessions, the forensics linguistics is able to determine whether the confessions were made through use of force or whether the confessions were voluntary. They achieve this through the comparison of the person’s normal speech or normal method of writing to the presented confession. What they usually look f or when investigating documents include similarities in the meaning of the information and how the words or the information is arranged easing the process of identification of the author. Whether there is a possibility that they were written by the same person. Another aspect through which they are able to discover authors of presented articles is through detection of plagiarism.Advertising Looking for research paper on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Plagiarism involves the collection and the comparison of different pieces of information in a bid to determine whether they were written by the same author (they assume that if the author is one, there is likelihood of using similar terms in the different documents). Finally, A forensic linguistic does his job by studying how law enforcers (policemen) interrogate criminals and if notices some difficulties, they assist enabling the two parties communicate effectively by making use of easily understandable terms. Phonetic linguistic is related and part of forensic linguistics With the increased importance of video and audio recordings in most of the court proceedings, forensic phonetic has emerged as a new field of importance. Phonetics is defined as the study of the sounds which people make as they pass information from one party to the other when speaking. The use of the mouth, vocal chords and the nasal cavity is what phonetics study and analyze. Experts in phonetics (phoneticians ) research how different people speak. They are therefore able to differentiate and recognize it from others. They analyze similarities and differences of one language from the other through the various sounds people make. McDavid, S McDavid, R 238). Just as in the forensic linguistics, phoneticians are also experts from other fields such as physics, medicine, and psychology among other related fields. It is through their expertise in these fields that they are able to conduct their work efficiently. For example, those with expertise in physics are able to study speech sounds by analyzing the sound waves. They then research into how our body parts such as the brain, ears and nerves respond to different sounds. In the application of this field to legal issues, a phonetician performs forensic speech analysis to determine its source. For example, there have been instances when crimes are committed by criminals whom the victims never saw but they heard their speech. If they are any audi o speech recordings, phoneticians analyze the speech and help in identifying who the real culprits behind the crimes were. They analyze the recorded speech by also trying to clarify what the culprit clearly said. Through their analysis, they are also able to authenticate recordings by studying it intently so as to make sure that the recordings were never altered to favor a particular party. Though sometimes they use computers to analyze the spoken words, most of the times they listen intently to the audio recordings and try to figure out who were involved. They listen to an audio recording several times, each time trying to analyze and figure out certain qualities within the speech. Their role is not to define what was said but to identify who said what. Phoneticians analyze the sounds made through four aspects which are: analyzing the sounds made by the vocal chords out of the sound made fro the recorded speech (for example was the voice rough, did the speaker breathe deeply and so on). The second aspect involves listening to the sounds made by the speaker’s mouth and the nasal cavities. He or she notes the vocal qualities; the pronunciation of vowels is also analyzed and other characteristics which can be able to show the cultural, social and geographical background of the one making the speech. Lastly, phonetic linguistic analyzes various individual speech characteristics such as the speaker pronunciation of the speaker consonants or whether the speaker slurs or lisps certain words. In addition to all these, phoneticians also conduct the acoustic analysis. This form of analysis involves the digitizing recorded speeches in order to feed them in computer software which is able to measure the frequencies of pitch and vowel sounds. Examples of crimes and murders through facebook where written message was used to convict the suspects Social networks are channels through which people meet and discuss almost everything virtually through the internet. People exchange photos, phone numbers and files and even set business agreements through these social networks. There are several social networks in the world which include Facebook, twitter, My Space, my Blog and many other social networks. Though the social networks have their advantages by providing a platform for all the positive activities mentioned above there has been reported cases of malpractices in which people have lost their information and even lost their loved ones through these social networks. Concentrating more on Facebook since it more common among the ordinary people, we shall give examples of instances where crimes have occurred through the assistance of Facebook. Due to loss of privacy, social networks are easy to be hacked and the Hackers use social networks to send malwares to unsuspecting users in the internet. These malwares either launch spam files which are obscene and which if opened infects the computer leading to its crashing. Facebook has also been used as a n avenue of committing fraud (MacAfee, 1). For example, in Facebook there has been use of Koobface which is a malicious file that hackers use to spread the codes of viruses and worms to other people computers crushing computer programs. The crush of computers can lead to loss of important information leading to losses. Hackers also use social sites such as Facebook to access peoples passwords whereby after accessing them, they are able to open the victims account without his knowledge and access precious information which he can use for example in stealing banks and committing crimes. Another crime which is also prevalent when using social sites and has been experienced in Facebook includes; impostors whom most of the times are jailbirds or sex pests. They tend to lure teenagers especially girls into their traps by organizing meetings in secluded places. When the unsuspecting individuals agree and decide to meet these criminals, some of them are kidnapped and their families are aske d for ransom or after meeting, the victims are raped and then killed. An example is a report which was in the in Independent Newspaper of a case where a serial rapist lured a teenage girl into his trap by posing like a young man, but after their meeting, the girl discovered that the man was not the young man he posed to be. Discovering problems could arise, the serial rapist informed the girl that she was the son’s father and that his son had informed him to collect her. After the girl agreed to enter into the vehicle, they went with the man only for the man to rape her before killing her and disposing her body. (Hughes Brown, 1). There has also been a case of love gone sour through social networks. It is reported that a man was arrested and jailed for killing a former girlfriend after seeing her in a photo with her new lover on Facebook. The man informed the girlfriend through Facebook chat that he would like to meet the girlfriend and they solve their issues although the gi rlfriend was hesitant at first, she agreed after long pleading and it was when the two met that he decided to kill her stabbing her with a knife several times on her body (Raif, 1) Conclusion Linguistics is the scientific study of languages and when used in solving crimes or legal matters, then it is referred to as forensic linguistics. A forensic linguistic contributes into solving problems involved in linguistic concerns through different ways which include observing the patterns, similarities or any inconsistencies in the speech or the written information. On the other hand, a phonetic linguistics uses mouth, vocal chords and the nasal cavity to study and analyze a language. The emergence of the two fields in linguistics has played a key role in solving crimes by indicating positively without allegations of favoritism towards a particular side. Works Cited Gibbons, John. Forensic linguistics: An introduction to language in the justice system.2003. Willey- Blackwell. New York. Hug hes Mark, â€Å"Facebook fears after sex offender logged on to murder†. The Independent UK. 2010. Web. Mcaffee, â€Å"A Parent’s Guide to Social Networking Sites: Five Lessons to Keep Your Kids Safe when they socialize online†. 2009. Web. McDavid, Susan, and McDavid Richard. Career opportunities in forensic science. 2008. InfoBase Publishing. New York. Raif Shenai, â€Å"Man jailed for killing girlfriend after Facebook row†. 2010. Press Association. Web. This research paper on Forensic linguistics was written and submitted by user Kristian Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Writing Tips How to Punctuate Brackets

Writing Tips How to Punctuate Brackets Writing Tips: How to Punctuate Brackets Brackets (or parentheses) are a useful type of punctuation. However, it can be hard to know where to put other punctuation marks when a sentence contains brackets. So how does this work? Check out our advice on how to punctuate brackets for more information. Full Stops: Inside or Outside? We’re often asked whether to place periods inside or outside closing brackets. But this depends on the situation. As a rule, you should: Place periods inside brackets when an entire sentence is parenthetical. Place periods outside closing brackets in all other cases. So when bracketed text is part of a longer sentence, the full stop goes after the closing bracket: The cake looks great (and tastes even better). âÅ"“ The cake looks great (and tastes even better.) âÅ"â€" And when a whole sentence is parenthetical, the full stop goes inside the closing bracket: I ate the whole cake. (And now I am full.) âÅ"“ I ate the whole cake. (And now I am full). âÅ"â€" Brackets and Commas When it comes to comma placement and brackets, there are two main rules: You will almost never need a comma before an opening bracket. You only need a comma after a closing bracket at the end of a clause. As such, you only need a comma after a closing bracket if the sentence would contain one anyway. And this means we can check whether a comma is correct by removing the bracketed text. For example, below we have one correct and one incorrect comma: We’re going to the zoo tomorrow (Tuesday), which will be nice. âÅ"“ Big cats (e.g., lions and tigers), are predators. âÅ"â€" And if we remove the bracketed text, we can see why the second is wrong: We’re going to the zoo tomorrow, which will be nice. âÅ"“ Big cats, are predators. âÅ"â€" We do not need a comma between â€Å"cats† and â€Å"are† here. And since this sentence does not need a comma, it doesn’t need one when we add the bracketed text either. Exclamation Points and Question Marks Finally, we’ll look at exclamation points and question marks. Like periods, these are forms of terminal punctuation, so they usually indicate the end of a sentence. However, unlike periods, you can use an exclamation point or a question mark within brackets mid-sentence. For instance: The man (what was his name?) left a note. âÅ"“ Here, we use a question mark to show the bracketed text is a question. It’s worth noting here that the punctuation inside brackets does not affect the rest of the sentence. And as such, when a sentence ends with bracketed text that includes an exclamation point or a question mark, we still need to add a period after the closing bracket. For example: I was not invited (and I am furious!). âÅ"“ I was not invited (and I am furious!) âÅ"â€" Summary: How to Punctuate Brackets It can be tricky to know where to put punctuation in a sentence that includes brackets. However, we have a few simple guidelines to follow that will help ensure your written work is error free: Always place periods outside closing brackets unless the entire sentence is parenthetical, in which case the full stop goes inside. Only use a comma after a closing bracket at the end of a clause. Use question marks and exclamation points inside brackets as required. However, don’t forget to add a period after the closing bracket. And if you’d like more help with your punctuation, you can always get your work proofread by the experts.

Principles of communication-111 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Principles of communication-111 - Essay Example Secondly, the employers owe the employees the obligation of consulting with them concerning the decisions that are made relating to the normal chores in the performance of their work duties. Consultative decision-making has always proved to be pivotal in the management of workers. This is because the employees are allowed to express their views and concerns to the management, which in turn is responsible to adhere to the demands of the employees (Queensland Government web). Thirdly, the employers should provide all the appropriate personal protective equipment, which are required to ensure to ensure workers can complete their job safely. Protective equipment plays a major role in ensuring that the safety of workers is adhered to. Consequently, safe employees will produce more than the unsafe employees will. In addition, it the obligation of the employers should monitor and evaluate the occupational health safety systems and procedures to ensure that workers are adequately protected from work place hazards. It is the obligation of the employers to provide facilities for the welfare of the employees. The welfare system covers many areas including toilettes facilities to conducting risk assessments on the plants and equipment is used. They should also make the procedures known to the employees. Moreover, the employers have a duty the employees the agreed amount if the employee arrives for work and is able to work. The payments include the agreed upon remuneration of wages and salaries (Queensland Government web). Another major obligations is that the employers are responsible to give the employees work to do. However, if the employee is paid by commission, and the employer does not give the employee any work to do, or if not working, could damage the employees reputation. In addition, the employers are obliged to give the correct information to their employees about their rights

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 32

Case Study Example This decision is seen to be inconsiderate of the customer sentiments in the location and the news of a rate increase and setting up of the nuclear plant may lead to negative reactions among the customers. The main external issues in this case include the sentiments of the customers regarding the operations of the company and the subsequent increase in the rates of power supply. The power supply rates of Phoenix Power are already high and the customers are skeptical about a nuclear plant in their vicinity. As such, the skepticism and non-reception of the customers are likely to act as the main external issue. The internal issues related to the advertising process would include the business decision regarding the choice of an advertising agency and personnel required for the short term advertising campaign. The alternatives would include making the customers more aware of why it is important to increase the rates of power supply. The positive aspects for building the nuclear plant can be focused on in the advertising. The nuclear plant once completed would be useful for supplying sufficient power to the whole city and Phoenix Power would not have to source power from the plants in California. This would subsequently reduce the costs for electricity after the setting up of the nuclear plant. This aspect should be focused on in the advertising campaign so that the customers become aware of the benefits of the project and also become supportive of the project. The message for the advertising campaign should be based on highlighting the long term positive benefits that can be realized from the project of Phoenix Power to establish the nuclear power plant in Arizona (Jameson and Campbell 170). Since, the consumers already have a negative attitude towards the increase in the rates; therefore, this issue should be handled in a sensitive manner in the advertising campaign. Phoenix Power

Racial Segregation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Racial Segregation - Essay Example However, the co-existence of these different races has not been smooth sailing. They have experienced racial discrimination, mostly from white Americans, who felt threatened by the increasing influx of the ‘foreigners’ in America. Following Ronald Takaki view in his book ‘A different mirror’, this essay tries to explain the nature of discrimination the slaves, Mexicans and the Irish experienced from the white American people. It captures events that happened before the civil war in relation to racial discrimination, and how the affected groups responded to such actions. Discussion The African American race was first introduced in America as servants. They were remarkably few in number and served the white masters who were the Anglo Americans â€Å"†¦rather, like most of the white laborers, they were probablyindentured servants† (Tikaki, 2008). Later on as their numbers increased, most of them were transformed to slaves. It is not clear though how and when this transition took placeNonetheless, in the nineteenth century, there was uproar by the citizens over the abolishment of slavery. It is this uproar that resulted to future civil rights movements and affirmative action that has been associated by the African American people. ... However, a sizable number of immigrants walked to El Norte in search of greener pastures in America. As usual, they were treated with hostility by Anglo Americans and resorted to doing blue collar jobs. Their settlement in El Norte, however, has enabled them to transform the culture to date due to the large number of Mexican settlers in that city. The Irish people arrived in large numbers than most immigrants in the states. Their immigration was fueled by neighboring England’s conquest of their territory, which occurred before the colonization of America. It is for this reason that they migrated to America in search of greener pastures. Their reception, however, was not so welcoming, despite their similar complexion to the Anglo Americans. This was many because their catholic belief was not welcome since most Americans came from protestant backgrounds. The Americans believed that the Irish were trying to spread their catholic practices to the Americans. As such, they were segr egated and mainly did casual jobs like construction. It was only after passing the naturalization law that the Irish got some reprieve. Their near complexion to the Anglo Americans enabled them to get blue collar jobs to the disadvantage of African Americans and the Chinese. They took advantage of this opportunity to promote their ethnic background, and also to secure political power. Conclusion Racial discrimination by the Anglo Americans was spread across all races as described in the discussion above. The Anglo Americans were keen to protect their ethnicity and culture, and as such did not provide avenues for the other races to prosper as they did. Instead, they strived hard to show their

Components of Business Documents

Components of Business Documents When is it appropriate to submit a report in business? Compare 3 types of business documents, look at the components of each and recommend the ideal business scenario for each. Executive Summary A business report is a written document, which provides comprehensive information and specific topic for a business purpose. The study investigated about definition, content and purpose of a business report. The study consisted of an analysis of three types of business documents and the ideal business scenario for each, and was based on information collected from a variety of sources: textbook, books and the Internet. Introduction A business report is a written document, which constitutes comprehensive information and specific topic for a significant business purpose. The purpose of a business report is typically used to make plans for the future, assist in decision-making, and propose a business idea. There are various types of reports that depending on different situations such as: informational reports, analytical reports, research reports and so on. The report is divided into two main sections: a Findings section, which presents information about three types of business documents, and a Recommendations section that provides specific suggestion about using each of business documents in distinct situations. Types of business documents Emails An email is considered as a form of business communication that is fast and convenient for everyone to use. They just need to access to the Internet to send and receive documents via emails. Business emails are generally brief, positive and professional. There are various benefits for people to use the email. It is a useful medium that can reach anywhere in the world after few minutes of being sent. With the available of the Internet, it can be connected quickly through laptops, computers or smart phones and can be sent fast to many people at the same time. Beside, the writers can send combinable emails that have text, pictures, videos and sounds. They also can attach documents or other files to the email. Nowadays, more enterprises are using email communications as an effectively communicational tool that helps them to share necessary information with customers, employees, and prospects. However, there are some disadvantages to take into consideration to use the email efficiently. Firstly, it is quiet difficult to discriminate between casual and formal emails because of their similar layout. Secondly, it takes us a lot of time to deal with spam and may cause information overload. It has some difficulty in solving viruses that affect an organizations online systems. Moreover, it can lead to interactive obstacle and decrease relationship building in environmental working. Finally, it also may lead to misunderstandings because the receivers just can read without knowing the writers tone and expression. There are six common types of email: instruction emails, request emails, announcement emails, transmittal emails, authorization emails and confirmation emails. Memorandums A memorandum is brief summary used as a means of internal communication. It provides suggestions, conveys information, seeks explanation and may solve problems. It includes detailed information on routine activities of an organization and is used by many companies for distinct purposes. The body of the memo is a short piece of writing that has numbered paragraphs and contains the subject sentence. It has a specific structure and is written in Plain English to show an actual, objective description of the topic with readers. Memos can be sent accurately to many receivers with just a single click. It provides a snapshot of what is happening in a workplace at a particular point and who is involved in company activities. It is considered as a written record or evidence of communication for reference. Therefore, managers and employees can refer to the memo to solve problems when they have a contradiction. In addition, memos are usually be short and to the point that enable the writer to disseminate information logically. One of the disadvantages of memos is lack of explanation. Because of the concise form, the readers sometime cannot understand clearly about the main content of the memo. It also can lead to the lack of formality because memos provide only informal communication. There are six types of memos: instruction emails, request emails, announcement emails, transmittal emails, authorization emails, confirmation emails. Report A report, whether long or short, shows comprehensive information on a specific issue. It provides specific information that help managers in making a decision, controlling progress or planning for the future action. Business reports play a vital role in conveying information to everyone in an organization. It is necessary management tool for managers to make a decision and resolve problems. Reports not only transmit internal information but also supply important information for customers, shareholders, agencies, suppliers and so on. Moreover, reports are used to develop information base in a company in two main ways: Firstly, day-to-day information is recorded endlessly for writing reports. Secondly, the saved reports will be used for future reference. By these ways, reports assist in boosting a secure information base. Although there is no doubt that reports are useful management tool, they also have several drawbacks. One of limitations of reports is cost of valuable time and money. Sometimes, reports become misunderstanding because it is not interact and the readers cannot give questions and get feedback. The viability of establishing a new salon was considered in relation to two broad areas the mega environment and the task environment (Bartol et al. 2008). Each of these areas is discussed below.

The Success of Micro Finance in Pakistan :: Finance

As found by Hartangi (2007) that success of Micro finance depends upon the practices of that specific bank, which finance poor people, by quoting and example of BRI (Bank Rakyat, Indonesia) researcher says that they provide technical and moral support to the people they lend money, and make sure they do good, they also choose different collaterals like motorcycle, cars, cattle, and land etc to secure their loan yet making collateral stronger incase the client fails to repay and credits interesting for lower class community. Beside this, Risk management, internal audit, financial procedures, transparent system, dedicated staff, and clear incentives to staff and clients are the factors which contribute toward the successful lending of micro finances. Obamuyi (2009) says that poor credit culture and low risk management can result in low rate of return, which finally ends with the failure of the scheme. The risk of low rate of return can also be minimized by the assistance provided by th e MFIs to develop the small business of clients (Zelealem, Temtime, & Shunda, 2003). RESEARCH METHADOLOGY Study type This study is a correlational study in which relation between income level, living standard, access to education, and empowerment due to micro financing in Pakistan is studied. Study setting Study was conducted in natural environment, and no lab settings were used while studying the relationship between income level, empowerment, access to education, and access to health facilities due to MFIs in Pakistan has been studies, which makes this study a non-contrived study. Unit of Analysis Different individuals, who obtained micro finances from Micro financial institutions of Pakistan, were asked to record their responses. Time Horizon Data was collected from individuals who obtained micro finances from MFIs in Pakistan once in one month time period; there will be no further data collection for this study. The collected responses are one shot, which make this study a cross-sectional study. Data This study utilized primary data as well as secondary data. Primary data was gathered from individual who obtained micro finances from MFIs in Pakistan, data was gathered using a prepared research instrument. And secondary data was collected for literature review, from different online research databases. Data Analysis Data was inspected, cleaned, transformed and modeled using SPSS V.17.0 to highlight useful information. Linear Regression was applied as per the requirement of the study to explore the relationship between increase in income, living standard, access to education, and empowerment, due to MFIs in Pakistan. Sampling type A non probability convenience sampling was done, questionnaire were distributed among customers of MFIs who were conveniently available to the researcher.

Later Adulthood Essay

Aging in our society can be a very stressful time regarding our elderly. They are going through tremendous changes not only physically, emotionally, but also socially. It is in our best interest to help them make the proper adjustments during what can be a difficult time for some. Retirement is not always the best thing for our senior citizens. It can be a trying time as they no longer feel useful. We need to insure they remain productive by maintaining relationships with friends and family, volunteering, finding a hobby, and most important maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Because our society is so obsessed with youth, many of our senior citizens feel left out. In Japan, they treat their elders with the utmost respect. (Maslow, Kirst 2010). It is our turn to treat our senior citizens with the same respect instead of shunning them from society. At times their living accommodations are not suitable and the amount of healthcare they may need can cause stress in their lives. Their relationships with their spouses, children, friends, and coworkers change dramatically. It can be a difficult transition and is up to us to make sure they can ease into later adulthood with positive attitudes and a foundation of hope for their future. In their later adulthood years, the elderly experience changes in their roles and social position. Upon retirement, many aging individuals may withdraw from their social network circle. This may happen when the individual is not ready to retire and resents being forced to retire. They begin to feel unwanted and feel they no longer have anything in common with their friends. Our society does not incorporate the elderly desires of remaining productive which may cause them to disengage in socializing with their peers. Their social status changes from teacher, pharmacist, and store manager to perhaps a regular Joe in the neighborhood. This can impact their mentality and their ability to maintain a positive attitude during retirement. One of the best ways for the elderly to continue to feel worthy during their later years is perhaps volunteering and influencing our youth with their knowledge and wisdom. Determining the best suited living accommodations for the elderly can be a daunting task for their loved ones. Many elderly are determined to stay in their homes living independently and if they are not ill than that option may work for them. There are many  factors that determine if they can stay in their home. Do they have transportation? Are they close to stores and medical care? If their loved one has health issues and requires medical attention around the clock than a nursing home would be their best option. Another option would be a retirement community, senior apartments or senior homes. Trying to find the best living accommodation for the elderly to spend their days living productive lives is very important. They also need access to affordable healthcare. Many elderly are plagued with health issues and cannot afford prescriptions or doctor visits. They do benefit from senior citizen discounts but it is not enough to cover all their medical expenses. Our society needs to find a better solution in terms of our aging population and health care needs. Kim & Moen stated† On the one hand, the retirement experience may promote a sense of well-being, as workers move out of demanding and/or stressful career jobs. On the other hand, the retirement passage itself may lead to diminished well-being, as individuals lose their occupational attachments, their social network of coworkers, and a major anchor for their identities.† (Headnote, para 2). Regarding our aging population, the most difficult time for them can be transitioning from working all their life to retirement. Our society has stressed the importance of youth and our elderly start to feel useless. Going into to retirement can cause more burdens on the elderly. By living on a fixed income and not being able to spend on eating out, movies, or even vacationing can takes its toll on the elderly. They can become depressed, which can then lead to suicidal thoughts. Another factor of going into retirement is the elderly may lose contact with coworkers since they no longer have work to discuss, they start to avoid contact with friends. Many elderly couples may not get along during retirement, they are not accustomed to being around their loved ones all day and this can cause problems in their marriage. Our society needs to encourage our elderly to remain productive after retirement so they can feel needed and participate in volunteer programs offered in their communities. If they are able to work and can continue to contribute to society, it will be a positive situation for everyone including our economy. There are many factors that can contribute to our elderly populations marital, family and peer relationships. During retirement, an elderly couple may experience more  marital strife as they are attempting to get used to being home all day. Their health also plays a part on their marital relationship. If one partner is ill, than the other partner has to care for the ill partner and this will cause stress. As couples, our elderly may not have the bond the once had at a younger age. They need to maintain a close relationship and focus on their positive aspects of their relationship. Regarding their own children, some elderly attempt to withdraw and not maintain close relationships with their children or grandchildren. Some will engage more and try to interfere in raising their grandchildren, which will cause problems with their own children. In their peer relationships, they may withdraw also. It does depend on the individual and their circumstances on how they handle the important relationships in their lives. Bookwala and Franks (2005) found that having a successful marriage will enhance the physical wellbeing of elderly couples as they progress into their golden years. There are many social policies impacting our aging population. Many of these social policies were designed to assist our elderly during their retirement years. â€Å"One out of ten older people live in poverty.† (Zastrow & Kirst-Ashman, 2010, para. Financial Problems of Older People). This information demonstrates the dire situation our elderly are experiencing. How are they able to make ends meet if they have no savings and living entirely on Social Security benefits? Another factor is the cost of healthcare that many aging individuals have to deal with. If they are in poor health and are in need of constant doctor supervision and medicine, they are relying on the governments Medicaid program and at times this can cause added stress in their lives. If their health is deteriorating, it makes sense that we need to implement new strategies to assist the elderly with aging. We should also encourage them to work if they are physically fit and able instead of discriminating against them based on their age. Our focus should be campaigning for them to engage in exercise, eating healthy and maintaining an active lifestyle throughout their lives to delay the effects of aging. In order for our elderly to continue progressing in later adulthood, our society needs to change our way thinking. We should encourage elderly people to work and be productive. A national campaign for our elders should address the benefits of physical fitness, eating right, and  maintaining close relationships with their loved ones. We should make them feel wanted and treat them with the utmost respect. They have lived life, have wisdom and experience to share with everyone. By incorporating those into volunteer programs will also be highly beneficial for everyone involved. Making sure they are happy and living in acceptable conditions should also be our concern. Now is the time, to turn the tables around and ensure that we are doing our best to take care for our aging population. Works Cited Bookwala, J., & Franks, M.M. (2005). Moderating role of marital quality in older adults depressed affect: Beyond the main-effects model. The Journal of Gerontology, 60B (6), p.338-p.341. Kim, J.E., & Moen, P. (2002). Retirement transitions, gender, and psychological well-being: a life course, ecological model. The Journal of Gerontology, 57B (3), p.212-p.222. Zastrow, C. H., & Kirst-Ashman, K.K. (2010). Understanding Human Behavior & the Social Environment (8th ed.). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database

Matewan essays

Matewan essays John Sayles Matewan is a brilliant drama set detailing the conflict between coal miners and anti-union forces in 1920. Though the movie is fictional, it is based squarely on the bitter and often bloody dispute that entrenched coal miners and operators against each other for more than 20 years. One of the major problems was that coal was becoming less and less profitable to mine, and it was the workers that were absorbing the market shortfalls. Worker abuse was unhindered by much government interference, and any inspectors that were sent to the mines were often paid off by the coal operators to ignore gross safety hazards. Something had to change, and this is where Sayles story of conflict begins. Contrasting dark and light, violence versus peaceful disobedience, evil against good, Sayles created war in Matewan. Through sound, cinematography, and mise en scene the film develops the embattled characters and the surrounding revolution. The exposition really establishes the mood of the film. It begins by following a coughing coal miner, covered in black soot, as he crawls around in damp dark mountain shafts. The miner is setting explosives and using verbal warnings to spread the word that dynamite is about to go off in the hole. For the first few minutes of the film Sayles really establishes the claustrophobia of the mines. The dark unsafe passages that make the audience immediately feel threatened by some unseen danger. It is a battle of man versus nature down in the mines and the sweat soaked char-coated men, no matter how much dynamite they set each day, seem to be losing the war. Danny Radnor, played by Will Oldham, passes the word that they have lowered the value of coal to 90 cents a ton. Danny asks imploringly, Sephus, what we gonna do? Rarely will we see the inside of a mine again until the conclusion of the film. It only took through the opening credits to establish that the mines are not...

The Old Man and the Sea Questions for Discussion

The Old Man and the Sea Questions for Discussion Written by Ernest Hemingway,  The Old Man and the Sea is a famous novel about man versus nature and the determined struggle against inevitable aging and death. While Hemingway is known to be the master of brevity, his concise works also are much more complex than they would first appear, and  The Old Man and the Sea  is no exception. A literary classic, this novel is a great pick for a book club and a part of many schools curriculum. Here are questions related to The Old Man and the Sea that will get the discussion going.   Start From The Top: What is important about the title?   Plot Development: What are the conflicts in The Old Man and the Sea? Would you describe them in terms of physical, moral, intellectual, or emotional conflict?How does Ernest Hemingway reveal character in the novel? Symbolism: What are important themes in the story? How do they relate to the plot and characters?What are some of the symbols in the novel, and what do they represent?How universalare the ideas in  The Old Man and the Sea?  Does the story end the way you expected? How? Why? How realistic is the story?Where does The Old Man and the Sea take place? Is the setting important to the ideas in this book? Whats Your Opinion? Would you recommend this novel to a friend?

Monetary Policy Framework in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Monetary Policy Framework in the UK - Essay Example Stable price of products and confidence are important in controlling the inflation rate of the economy. The interest rates are controlled by the obligation of the government to control the inflation target in the economy. Hence the bank controlled the inflation rate through controlling the interest rates that are charged on the commercial banks. On the other hand financial stability includes protecting against threats to the whole financial system of a country. There are threat to the economic which are detected by the bank's surveillance and market intelligence functions which are dealt with through financial and other operations in the economy. These operations can be based at home or abroad. (Millard, 2006) All the above are important factors that are regulated through the monetary policies. In the UK, the Bank of England is bestowed with the role of a central bank. There is a monetary policy committee that deals with issues concerning the regulation of monetary policy in the economy. Throughout the history of the UK, there have been changes in the monetary policies that have helped to shape the economy of the UK. This paper will look closely at the way the monetary policies have been changing in the UK and look at the interaction that has been there between monetary polices and the inflation rate. ... This has corresponded with the changing rate of inflation in the country which has been caused by many factors. In order to streamline the performance of the economy, the monetary policies have been likewise changing with time to suit the environment. The bank of England in conjunction with the parliamentary committee have been playing crucial role in the changing of monetary policies in the country. There change in monetary policies has been corresponding with the changes in the rate of inflations. The bases of inflation control have been the use of integrated strategies to control the great demand. This has been implemented in conjunction with the banking sector which has played a crucial role in offsetting the rate of inflation in the country and likewise through the monetary policies. (Benito and Wood, 2006) The most notable change in the monetary policies in the UK has been the change that took place in the 1990 due to the changing landscape of inflation. By the standards of history, the performance of the economy under the inflation rate of this time had been unique. Between the periods of 1972 to 1992, there was recorded the lowest size of business-cycle frequency fluctuation. The unemployment-inflation trade-off displayed the greater stability was the greatest ever and the rate of inflation was the highest ever. But since then there has been historically unprecedented stability in the economy. Many economists have argued that this cannot be attributed only to the monetary framework but it can also be attributed to good luck in the performance of the macro economic policies. This has also been attributed to substantial consolidation of the fiscal policy which turned a deficit of 8% in 1993

Computers and the law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Computers and the law - Essay Example An attempt to address these problems in the Act was implemented in controversial amendments, which came into force in October 2008 through the Police and Criminal Justice Act 2006 . With regard to the unauthorised access and attempted intrusions this could constitute an offence under the Act of the conduct satisfies the requirements as follows: 1) Unauthorised access to computer material (Section 1 of the Act); 2) Access to computer material without authorisation with intent to commit or assist the commission of offences (Section 2 of the Act); and 3) Modification of computer data without authorisation (Section 3 of the Act). With regard to the current factual scenario, it is evident that there have been attempts to hack the Macrobox system without success so far. Accordingly, whilst there has clearly been an intention to commit the office, there does not appear to have been actual access to the computer system or computer material. ... Accordingly, if we apply this to the current scenario, whilst the access to Macrobox’s computer and servers were not successful, the attempt to hack will constitute a criminal offence under Section 3 of the Act. With regard to potential penalties, the Police and Criminal Justice Act 2006 provides for criminal liability on the following basis to be included in the Act for the Section 3 offence: 1. On summary conviction a prison sentence of up to 12 months and a fine not exceeding the statutory minimum; or 2. On conviction on indictment, imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years or a fine or both (Section 36(6) of the Police and Criminal Justice Act 2006). Additionally, as the forum users have been trying to encourage others to hack Macrobox, this also potentially falls within incitement offences, which have now been removed from the Act and inserted into the inchoate offences section of the Serious Crime Act 2007. Furthermore, it is important to highlight that the encoura gement on online forums to hack Macrobox’s computer systems could also constitute a potential offence under the Terrorism Act 2000. Section 2(e) of the Terrorism Act provides that an act of terrorism includes any act which is â€Å"designed seriously to interfere with or seriously disrupt an electronic system† if the act is undertaken with the objective of furthering a political, religious or ideological cause. In the current scenario, it is evident that the attempts to hack and interfere with Macrobox’s computer systems and servers were as a result of the disclosure on public forums that Macrobox is a major software supplier for Staffordshire