Dialectial Journal Essay Example for Free

Dialectial Journal Essay Dialectical Journals But today he saw one of the rivers secrets, one that gripped his soul. He saw that the water continually flowed and flowed and yet it was always there; It was always the same and yet every moment it was new. pg. 102 C)Slddhartha ponders about a secret of the river. It Is one that he never realized before. The water flows continuously and remains constant. It Is the same, and yet It Is new. Life seems to be like this. Everyone of us has life, and we live It. The world eems to continuously move and go on, despite the changes that happen. People die and people are born: people succeed and people fall. Every moment Is new, yet the world keeps going, time Is constant and does not stand still for anyone. The river teaches Siddhartha a lesson that he does not fully comprehend at that moment, yet remains an Important lesson to learn. But today he saw one of the rivers secrets, one that gripped his soul. He saw that the water continually flowed and flowed and yet it was always there; it was always the C)Siddhartha ponders about a secret of the river. It is one that he never realized before. The water flows continuously and remains constant. It is the same, and yet it is new. Life seems to be like this. Everyone of us has life, and we live it. The world and people are born: people succeed and people fail

Elemica Global Expansion Strategy Business Information Technology Essay

Elemica Global Expansion Strategy Business Information Technology Essay Elemica is a global e-commerce company in the chemical industry which provides web-based order management and supply chain applications and services. This report aims at outlining the strategy for Elemicas e-business trading hub global expansion. First, the environmental analysis of Elemica has been discussed. The SWOT analysis of Elemicas current business is discussed, followed by evaluation of elemicas online B2B industry using Porters five forces model. The various ICT challenges which will be faced by Elemica during global expansion have been identified. The various risks, opportunities available, associated costs and critical success factors for the global expansion have been discussed. A strategy map has been defined along with a balanced score card which measures the effectiveness of the B2B expansion strategy. After exploring all the opportunities and risks involved and evaluating the effectiveness of the strategy, the following recommendations have been made: Switch to cloud computing in order to easily expand into international market and be updated with the latest technology. Follow all the regulatory compliances in its e-business initiative and apply business ethics to be followed in different countries. Ensure that all the cross-border transactions follow security protocols and are safe and secure. Being sensitive to cultural differences in expanding countries and making the change management process smooth. These recommendations will thus help Elemica to successfully expand its B2B e-business strategy and establish a dominant position in the world market. Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 2 Table of Contents 3 1.INTRODUCTION 4 2. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 5 2.1 COMPANY ANALYSIS 5 2.3 CORE COMPETENCIES 8 2.4 MAJOR COMPETITOR 8 2.5 CURRENT BUSINESS MODEL 8 2.6 MARKET ANALYSIS AND TRENDS 9 2.8 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES 11 3. BUSINESS CASE FOR ELEMICA 13 4.PROPOSED PROJECT PLAN 19 4.1 PROJECT PLANNING AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT 19 5.ASSESSING ONLINE B2B INDUSTRY TRADING HUB 21 5.2STRATEGY MAP 24 6.RECOMMENDATIONS 26 6.4 BUSINESS PROCESS REDESIGN AND SYSTEMS INTEGRATION 28 6.7 SUPPORT SERVICES 29 CONCLUSION 30 LIST OF REFERENCES 31 ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY 33 1.INTRODUCTION This report aims at understanding the business of Elemica and hence, develops a strategic plan for the global expansion of e-business at Elemica. As the Chief Information Officer (CIO) of Elemica, an in-depth analysis of the company is presented in the report. It includes environmental analysis of Elemicas online B2B trading industry hub and also identifies the potential for global expansion of e-business. The report will assist the company to expand its core activities in the international market. It also highlights the risks associated with expanding the e-business globally. It identifies the target groups, the characterization of target groups, and how to build value into Elemicas services as desired by its customers, which are essential for the success of e-commerce (Fellenstein Wood 2000). Many inhibiting factors related to culture, security, language, legal rules, cross-border data flow, ethical regulations etc. which are present in global systems (Laudon Laudon 2006), have also been discussed. It also evaluates the entire plan by providing a Balanced Score Card to measure its effectiveness and a strategy map that will ensure the integration of strategy with implementation. The basic purpose of this project is to determine whether Elemica should go ahead with the global expansion of its online B2B trading hub or not. . 2. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS Elemica is a global e-commerce company founded by 22 leading corporations in the chemical industry which provides web-based order management and supply chain applications and services. It provides a single hub which provides companies with a one-stop solution through which companies can buy and sell chemicals to one another through their ERP systems or web alternative. It enables companies to link their internal IT systems through a neutral platform. Elemica is the first e-commerce company in the chemical industry which has successfully commercialized its ERP-to-ERP connectivity. It provides a modular, hosted solution that simplifies sales, procurement and financial processes; integrate supply chain partners in order to diminish communication barriers; and reduce overhead and errors. 2.1 COMPANY ANALYSIS Elemica is a privately held company with 150 employees. It has 2500 partners in its supply chain network and $60 billion in annual transactions. It is headquartered at Pennsylvania with offices in Frankfurt, Amsterdam, Seoul, London, Singapore, Shanghai and Tokyo. VISION: To be the leading provider of supply chain integration and optimization services to the industries we serve; tire and rubber, chemical, energy and selected manufacturing industries. Clients rely on Elemica solutions and services to deliver Bottom Line Results, Enhanced Supply Chain Reliability, Quick and Easy Implementation, and Deep Industry Expertise. (Source: www.elemica.com) SWOT ANALYSIS: It is necessary to conduct a SWOT analysis of Elemica in order to develop a competitive advantage by identifying its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Friend, 2009). It will enable Elemica to build on its strengths, overcome its weaknesses, identify the opportunities available and reduce its exposure to threats. STRENGTHS: One of the most sophisticated technology platforms in B2B space A single hub for all transactions One stop solution to its clients Addresses e-commerce needs of companies of all sizes Helps companies automate their businesses Creates efficiencies and economies of scale Reduces clients overhead and errors WEAKNESSES: Does not buy, sell or own a product Highly fragmented chemical industry with large number of companies Internet is required for the service OPPORTUNITIES: Expansion into international markets Diversifying its industry such as the rubber and tire industry, etc. where B2B e-business is possible Including reviews and feedback from long term customers so that new companies get attracted Facility of online auctions Providing for private collaborative hubs THREATS: Non-acceptance of business model in international markets Outdated technology in some time Emergence of new competitors with better technology 2.2 VALUE PROPOSITION OF ELEMICA Value proposition is the benefit that a companys products or services provide to its customers. (Turban et al, 2010, p. 591). The value proposition offered by Elemica is as follows: A single hub for all the companies to do all their transactions. Only one connection needed for all transactions unlike some other companies offering similar services. A super platform which connects the ERP systems of all participating companies which allows the companies to electronically communicate with each other and to conduct the transactions. Acts as an intermediary which only links all the companies together and then they can conduct confidential transactions electronically. Enables a company that signs up for its services to conduct business with all the other buyers as well as suppliers which are linked through Elemica. It offers four modules: procurement, logistics, and customer replenishment (automate inventory replenishment and ordering), and order management. Provides support of Elemicas Professional Services and Implementation Team to its new clients. This ensures that the on-boarding process is successful and increases acceptance of the business value with its major trading partners. Addresses e-commerce needs of chemical companies which are of all sizes. Results in improved operational efficiency, reduced costs and a higher percentage of safe and reliable deliveries 2.3 CORE COMPETENCIES The core competency of Elemica is to provide web based order management and supply chain applications and services. It delivers this by: Providing four modules: procurement, logistics, and customer replenishment (automate inventory replenishment and ordering), and order management. Single hub for all transactions. 2.4 MAJOR COMPETITOR The major competitor of Elemica in this space is ChemConnect, which was founded in 1995. It offers services similar to Elemica, but it does not connect the ERP systems of the participants. It has 9000 customers and is spread out in around 150 countries. (Figures as in 2009). 2.5 CURRENT BUSINESS MODEL Elemica provides a one-stop solution to all its customers to carry out transactions. It integrates the flow of information among the trading partners by using a Business Process Network (BPN). Once a client is connected to Elemica, it gets access to thousands of buyers and suppliers. The clients are charged for the service on the basis of volume of usage. The business model works in the following way: When a client is in need of some material, it puts up a message on its ERP system. This message goes to Elemicas platform asking its members for the availability of the material. Several of Elemicas members respond to the message by responding with quotations. At this point, both the purchaser as well as the seller is anonymous. The client decides from whom to purchase based on the quoted prices. When the shipping is arranged, the identity of the parties is revealed. When the order is confirmed, the platform is used to paln and co-ordinate delivery, automate invoice and pay one another. Elemicas revenues are generated by charging transaction fees from its clients on a per-transaction basis. Elemicas business model is sustainable because it integrates all the supply chain partners, thus reducing the communication and transaction time. The customers are able to connect to a large number of buyers and suppliers on a single platform, without having to purchase any internal system for themselves. Also, since they are charged on a transaction basis, the revenues are continuous and sustainable and are more efficient than older EDI based solutions which charged on the basis of inter-company transactions. Also, it addresses the needs of chemical companies of all sizes. It thus results in increased operational efficiency, lowering of costs, less inventory, and safe and speedy deliveries. These results in customer satisfaction and thus result in attracting more new customers. 2.6 MARKET ANALYSIS AND TRENDS With the advent of internet, there has been a major shift in the way companies do business. There has been a high visibility of B2C e-commerce, whereas it is the B2B e-commerce which provides a large amount of marketplace spending ( Pierfrancesco Manenti, 2010). The total spending by B2B e-commerce is more than 85% of the total spending of B2X e-commerce all over the world (according to IDC estimate). Research has shown that B2B e-commerce is more used by the firms in U.S. However, it is growing at a fast pace in Europe as well because the manufactures are becoming more acceptable to this concept. It has been found that only 4% of the total turnover in manufacturing sector is generated through B2B e-commerce sales (data from Eurostat). Hence, there is a great scope for e-commerce to expand in new countries as well as expand their business domain, which provides Elemica with a great business opportunity. 2.7 EVALUATION OF ELEMICAS ONLINE B2B INDUSTRY TRADING HUB The best way to evaluate Elemicas online B2B industry is by using Porters five forces model. According to the model, there are 5 forces which affect the industry and the economic value that gets divided among the industry players (Turban, 2007). Threat of new entrants: Due to continuous advances in technology, there is always a threat of a new company coming up with a latest technology and dominating the market scenario. This might make Elemica outdated. Hence, there is a high risk of new entrants coming into the market which makes it inevitable for Elemica to continuously improvce it systems and be updated with the latest techniques. Bargaining Power of Suppliers: The bargaining power of suppliers is limited for Elemica because Elemica just provides a platform for them to make transactions. Also, the suppliers in the chemical industry are also buyers themselves, and hence are dependent on each other. Also, Elemica provides them with a neutral platform where they can easily transact with intermediate costs and time wastage removed. Threat of substitute products or services: Threat of substitute products/services entering the market is high because e-commerce is a very dynamic business. Any new technology or concept can easily replace it. Also, physical transactions can also easily act as a substitute to online services. Bargaining Power of Buyers: The bargaining power of buyers is again limited because of the interdependence of buyers and suppliers on each other. But since they have a large number of options available, they can easily choose from among them and get the best deals. Rivalry among Existing Competitors: There is a large scope for e-commerce online industry to grow as a whole. Also, with limited competitors in this space, there is less of a rivalry and majorly the company providing easy and better services will dominate the market. 2.8 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES With Elemica planning to expand globally, there are several ICT challenges that will be faced by Elemica: As the customers will become increasingly global, a major chaleenge for Elemica is to manage the relationship between buyers and suppliers who may belong to different countries and cultures. Hence, Elemica must develop a Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system in order to ensure that the customer relationships are long term, sustainable and add value. It will also need to be considered as to how Elemica will integrate the legacy systems that the companies currently use. Instead of connecting the ERP systems of the companies to the hub, Elemica can switch to cloud computing which will eliminate the need for integration. In order to keep up with the latest technology, Elemica can switch to cloud computing which will provide all the network facilities over the network without any need for connecting the ERP systems of the clients. The companies will then be able to access their account at any computer with internet access. This will reduce the costs incurred as well as attract more number of customers globally. While handling cross-border transactions, Elemica needs to be extra careful about the security issues and the data transfer protocols and standards to be followed. It needs to be in compliance with the international copyright laws and security standards. 3. BUSINESS CASE FOR ELEMICA 3.1 OPPORTUNITIES AND OBJECTIVES The opportunities available with Elemica are as follows: Expand its business to other countries and thus provide online supply chain integration by acting as a neutral platform for all the transactions. The challenge is to expand the system into other countries and also take care of the logistics for distribution. Adopting latest technologies so that the existing technology does not become obsolete. This will add more customers to the e-business and also make the business model more sustainable. For global expansion, Elemica can shift to cloud computing. This will save the companies from connecting their ERP systems to central software. The applications needed to run the business could be stored on servers. This will save the company costs and companies across the globe can easily do business just by logging into the internet. It will help them connect to anybody and anywhere in the world. Also, the customers can easily collaborate and work on big projects in real time. Another opportunity in the area of expansion for Elemica is that it can allow buyers to compare products from different vendors and customize their product requirements from a variety of vendors. Elemica must also start interaction among the vendors wherein they can post their comments and reviews about its services. This will help attract new customers and also enhance the credibility of the company. 3.2 CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS Critical success factors (CSFs) are a few key activities that can determine the success or failure for any type of organization (McLeod Schell, 2001). By identifying the critical success factors, companies can develop strategies and also prioritize their activities for future business (Ward Peppard, 2002). The critical success factors for Elemica to go in for a global expansion are: Need to be more customer oriented in order to be sensitive to cultural differences and be responsive to their varying needs. The web interface must also be in the local language of the countries where Elemica plans to expand. Deliver secure and reliable connection to its users. Ensure that all the transactions and data transfers remain confidential and privacy policy is adequate. Compliancy with international standards must be maintained before entering into expansion into international markets. The tax implications must be kept in mind for the success of a business in other countries. It needs to be ensured that the company is in compliance with the local tax rules. Need to be up-to-date with the latest technology so that the business model does not become obsolete and also to prevent competition. 3.3 COSTS AND BENEFITS (ROI) It is essential to calculate the return on investment before taking any business decision to ensure that the returns will be favorable for the business. It is a tool which helps in evaluating information technology and electronic commerce investments (Turban, 2008). The ROI formula divides the total net benefits (revenues less costs, for each Year) by the initial cost, resulting in a ratio that measures the ROI for each year or an entire period (Turban 2010). The various costs involved in the expansion of Elemica globally will be: Marketing costs: A marketing strategy needs to be developed in order to attract customers all across the globe. Also, advertising costs will be incurred to establish the brand image of Elemica in new countries. This will be a significant cost because the marketing campaigns need to be customized according to different locations and local markets. Operating costs: Operating costs will differ for each country. This will include the training assistance program costs and other support costs to its customers. These costs will vary because the currency values in each country will vary and the exchange rates also need to be taken into account. Also, operating costs will increase because now the hub needs to be customized for local markets and more number of customers means higher maintenance costs. Employee costs: More number of employees will be needed to handle the expanding business. Local people will have to be recruited in order to understand the local needs and be responsive to them accordingly. Administrative costs: Administrative costs will go up with an increasing number of customers. Opportunity costs: It is the cost associated with not taking an electronic commerce initiative (Schneider, 2007). If Elemica does not go ahead with the expansion, some costs will be incurred for not going with this plan, called as opportunity costs. The revenue will be generated through: Transaction fees: The clients are charged on a per transaction basis. With increased number of customers, the number of transactions will increase and hence the revenue. Training fees: The training fees charged for increasing acceptance and making the on-boarding smooth will also increase with increasing number of members. 3.4 BENEFITS OF EXPANDING GLOBALLY The benefits associated with expanding globally are: It will offset sales decline in the domestic market, if any. Even if there is not much decline in revenues in the domestic market, having a global network will act as a safeguard for future. It will increase the life cycle of our services because it may be possible that this technology gets outdated in the domestic market, but in new markets this might still be new. If Elemica goes into cloud computing, it will attract a large set of new clients, both in the domestic as well as international market, thus leading to increased revenues and higher market share. It will improve its competitive position and help in establishing itself as a global brand. 3.5 RISKS ASSOCIATED Having a web based platform makes the system susceptible to risks associated with the internet. Hence, it is important that the problems which will most likely cause damage is addressed (Van der Walt, 2002). Hence, the risks associated with global expansion of Elemicas e-business are as follows: Security issues: With data and transactions scanning across the globe, there might be security concerns and different protocols to be followed in different countries. Also, there might be concerns regarding the misuse of information that is transferred over the internet. Payment issues: With difference in currencies and exchange rates, it might become difficult to make payments among the collaborating parties, which might result in loss of cross border transactions. Threat of Frauds: Proper mechanism would have to be in place to prevent any fraudulent customers to join the network and take undue advantage. Server crashes: There might be server crashes due to expansion into remote areas which might cause the entire system to fail and thus result in huge losses. Improper integration: Risk of improper integration of the hub with ERP systems in remote locations. Violation of laws: There might be systems which may violate the home country laws, thus creating troubles for Elemica in future. Cultural differences: The local people in target countries might not be comfortable with the concept of online buying and selling of stock. This may lead to a failure of the entire business model in that country. Hence, a proper understanding of the local culture needs to be developed before entering into expansion. Changing technology: Elemica needs to be up to date with the latest technology so that their services do not become obsolete. Lack of IT infrastructure: It might be possible that some countries might not have appropriate internet infrastructure. This will hamper the expansion of e-business in that country. 4.PROPOSED PROJECT PLAN 4.1 PROJECT PLANNING AND CHANGE MANAGEMENT Elemica needs to develop a detailed project plan to carry out all the planned projects, evaluate the various options available, identify specific milestones, allocate requisite resources, and manage the projects (Turban et al. 2010). There are five basic stages in developing a project (Haughey, 2010): Initiation Planning and project design Execution Monitoring and controlling systems Completion Elemica will first need to identify a project champion who will ensure that proper time, resources, and attention is given to the project throughout its initiation to implementation (Turban, 2008). Then a project team needs to be established who will develop a detailed project implementation plan. For expansion strategy, Elemica can pilot test it in some other country, which will help identify the problems and successes, thus helping in modifying the strategy accordingly (Turban, 2008). Accordingly, staff requirements are identified and fulfilled; and training given to them for the latest technology. After the completion of the proposed plan, it should be reviewed at each stage in order to overcome the inefficiencies and loopholes which were identified and then constant monitoring of the project needs to be done. Change management is a major issue which needs to be handled by Elemica during its global expansion because people will resist change. An appropriate communication strategy needs to be developed which will aim at keeping all the employees as well as Elemicas clients up-to-date with the companys strategy and latest happenings. This will help them cope with the changes (Schneider, 2007) and also help them adopt the new changing culture easily. Confidence and buy-in needs to be inculcated within the employees so that their support can be garnered for the project, which will be essential for the success of the business. 4.2 RESOURCE ALLOCATION The various resources which need to be allocated during Elemicas expansion will be human resources and IT resources. Human resources will include business managers, project managers, web designers, graohic designers, system operators and administrators (Schneider, 2007). IT resources which will be needed are the hardware and software development and its maintenance. 5.ASSESSING ONLINE B2B INDUSTRY TRADING HUB 5.1BALANCED SCORE CARD The most popular system for performance management is the use of a balanced scorecard (Turban, 2007). It was designed by Kaplan and Norton in 1996 and it describes a holistic measurement system which flows from the overall strategy of the organization and crystallizes into measureable indicators (Kaplan Norton, 1996). A balanced score card evaluates the effectiveness from the following 4 perspectives: Financial Customer Internal Business Processes Learning and Growth PERSPECTIVE OBJECTIVE METRIC RATIONALE 1) Financial Increased market share 1) Increase in the number of clients 2) Increase in the revenues 3) Increase in the number of locations where Elemica provides services Increase in market share is an important metric in determining whether the global expansion of the business has been successful or not. Only if there is an increase in the market share, it will indicate that the business is successful and is gaining more customers. Increased ROI 1) Increase in the number of transactions between clients, hence resulting in increased revenues. 2) Increase in the number of customers. It is important to measure the revenues earned in order to ensure that even if market share might have increased, the revenues have also increased along with it. Also, it is important to know that the returns are increasing on the money invested. 2) Customer Increased customer satisfaction 1) Increase in the number of repeat transactions 2) Decrease in the number of customer complaints 3) Increase in the number of positive customer reviews 4) Reduction in the response time for resolving customer complaints. Customer satisfaction is a top priority for the success of any business. Customer satisfaction ratings will indicate whether the existing customers are satisfied with the services and this in turn will determine the new customers getting added to the network. Increased visibility of Elemica 1) Increase in the number of transactions on Elemica. 2) Increase in the number of new subscribers. 3) Increased visibility among other chemical companies. This will determine whether the new marketing campaigns and expansion strategy has worked or not. Whether it will be able to generate more revenues or not. 3)Internal business processes Increase in efficiency 1) Increase in the quality of service 2) Decrease in the lag time between a complaint and resolving that complaint. 3) Increase in the number of transactions that can be handled at a particular time. 4) Increase in the speed of transactions This will help in delivering best service to the customers and will help in continuously improving upon the existing services. Better technology and transaction security 1) Increase in the transaction security even while cross-border transactions take place. 2) Adopting the latest technology and making the hub more user friendly and easy to implement. This will take of the security concerns which may arise during the expansion process in different countries. Also, the latest technology will keep Elemica inline with the competitors and help in dominating the market share. 4) Learning Growth Better skilled staff competent to handle latest techniques and varying cultures 1) Increase in % of employees who are highly skilled. 2) Develop the competencies in the staff to work in a dynamic and competitive environment. A highly skilled and competent staff will ensure that the company progresses and delivers the best to its customers all across the globe. This will also help in identifying the gaps in the skills of employees and work upon them. Increased organizational learning 1) Increase spending on RD to improve the technology used, hence delivering better services. This ensures that the latest and the best technology is used and the organization is ready to respond to the changing environment all across the globe. 5.2STRATEGY MAP The strategy map below shows the linkages between the four perspectives of Balanced Score Card and how they result in achieving the overall business strategy. INCREASED SHAREHOLDER VALUE HIGH ROI MORE MARKET SHARE FINANCIAL PERSPECTIVE LEARNING GROWTH PERSPECTIVE HIGH EFFICIENCY CUSTOMER SATISFCATION INCREASED VISIBILITY SECURITY COMPLIANCE LATEST TEHCNOLOGY MORE CUSTOMERS MORE CITIES MORE TRANSACTIONS SKILL DEVELOPMENT INCREASE IN RD COMPETENCIES HIGHLY SKILLED AND COMPETENT WORKFORCE INTERNAL PROCESS PERSPECTIVE CUSTOMER PERSPECTIVE 6.RECOMMENDATIONS The following recommendations are in order of their priority. Each one will be needing 5-6 months to implement and can be started concurrently. 6.1 OUTSOURCING OF ICT INFRASTRUCTURE In order to strengthen the ICT infrastructure of Elemica, it should adopt cloud computing. It will hence result in business process automation. All the facilities will then be available over the network without any need for connecting the ERP systems of the clients. This will help in reducing the costs of setting up hardware or software and its maintenance. Clouds are a pool of easily usable as well as accessible virtualized resources such as hardware, development, platforms and/or services (Vaquero et al. 2009, p. 51). Shown below is how cloud c

The Symbols In The Awakening English Literature Essay

The Symbols In The Awakening English Literature Essay In Kate Chopins The Awakening, the underlying meaning is imparted to the reader through the use of explicit symbolism. The major role of the use of symbolism in the novel is to attempt to draw a link between the world that Edna knows and her several awakenings and make that link more powerful and compelling. Analyzed in this essay are three prominent symbols of interest which are birds, the ocean and the houses Edna resides in. The avian allusions and symbols that are present throughout the story serve to represent the ability to fly and the freedom it enables. The references to oceans and seas within the novel are symbolic of freedom and empowerment as it relates to Edna. Further houses allow the reader to observe the different transformations that Edna undergoes. The Awakening, written by Kate Chopin, is filled with numerous symbols and motifs that allow the reader to develop a deeper understanding of its message. The first symbol to be analyzed is the recurring sign of birds present throughout the novel. When birds appear in the novel they serve as a reflection of Ednas self, and her thoughts. The novel opens not with a main character speaking but with parrot, Allez vous-en! Allez vous-en! Sapristi! (pp. 3). This declaration from the bird translates to Go away! Go away! For heavens sake! It can be inferred that these lines are representative of the thoughts that are passing through Ednas mind for much of the novel. Much like the parrot which could speak a little Spanish, and also a language which nobody understood, (pp. 3) Edna is unable to communicate her true desires and her true feelings to anyone else because they could not understand. Edna wishes to abandon her role as a compliant wife, and acquiescent mother that the Creole society demands she be. Further the bird discussed above is caged symbolizing the entrapment of Edna by society and its expectations for females of that era. Perhaps the only other character in the novel that understands Edna is Mademoiselle Reisz, who stirs Ednas soul with music, and gives advice to her. Edna informs Arobin that Mademoiselle Reisz: Put her arms around me and felt my shoulder blades, to see if my wings were strong, she said, The bird that would soar above the level plain of tradition and prejudice must have strong wings. It is a sad spectacle to see the weaklings bruised, exhausted, fluttering back to earth. (pp. 103) It appears that Reisz knows beforehand that Edna will attempt to fly and expresses an uncertainty as to whether or not Edna is strong enough to succeed. Mademoiselle Reisz is warning Edna in this passage that her flight may ultimately end in failure but Edna does not receive this message for she is not thinking of any extraordinary flights. I only half comprehend her. Reisz is attempting to help her with this flight by inferring that she is perhaps not strong enough, and may fail but it falls on deaf ears as Edna does not comprehend what Reisz is trying to do. The reader encounters birds towards the conclusion of the novel during a pivotal moment in Ednas life, All along the white beach, up and down, there was no living thing in sight. A bird with a broken wing was beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water. (pp. 113) Edna observes this as she is about to walk into the ocean and go through her final awakening. This bird with a broken wing em bodies Edna representing that she, much like the bird, is unable to fly away and escape from the things that confine her. Further it also illustrates that Edna is already dead before she enters the water like the bird that is doomed to death. The second symbol to be analyzed is the frequent appearance of the ocean/sea. Of all the symbols in the novel, the ocean appears most regularly. Edna consistently connects the ocean with a certain personal free will even when she is a child, [a meadow] seemed as big as the oceanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦she threw out her arms as if swimming when she walked. (pp. 21) Clearly Edna feels freedom and excitement in the above passage illustrated through the reference to the wide open ocean. Further, it is in the ocean located off from the Grand Isle where we observe on of Ednas awakenings. Before this awakening she has already learned how to swim, and when she attempts to swim out into the ocean for the first time a certain metamorphosis occurs, A feeling of exultation overtook herShe grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength. She wanted to swim far out, where no woman has swum before. (pp. 37) This scene is critically important in the progression of the novel because with her discovery o f her ability to swim she also realizes that her life is an empty shell. Perhaps this realization serves to assist her in the changes that she will encounter later in the novel. But there is an aspect of foreshadowment in the line she grew daring and reckless, overestimating her strength. Though swimming in the ocean gives her many positive feelings of freedom she has not the strength to swim for longer periods of time and as a result will drown. Her desire to swim far out, where no woman has swum before is a noble desire to escape from her entrapment due to Creole society, and she somewhat accomplishes this wish but ultimately fails with her demise. The ocean in the novel allows Edna some of the feelings of freedom, but it also serves as an instrument of her demise; Exhaustion was pressing upon and over possessing her. Good-bye, because I love you à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ He did not know; he did not understand. He would never understand à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ it was too late; the shore was far beh ind her, and her strength was gone. (pp. 116) Edna believes that the ocean allows her to express herself and escape from the power that is exenterated over her by society. But she realizes that no matter what she attempts to do she will always be trapped by society, for she lacks the ability to change the way her life is. After coming to this realization she decides that she will retire where she feels the most free and away from being influenced; into the ocean. The third and final symbol to be analyzed in this paper is the dynamic symbolism of the houses that Edna resides in. These houses are a direct reflection of the numerous mental and emotional states that Edna experiences throughout her journey. The cottages that are located on the Grand Isle have several symbolic meanings. They serve as separate cages for Edna and also are a reflection of the families that reside within them. Further, all of the cottages at places like this are nearly identical suggesting that all families that dwell in them are identical according to the traditions of the Creole society. Perhaps the most iconic and important house that is encountered during the novel is Ednas pigeon-house. The imagery relating to this house instantly gives the reader insight into why this house is so important to Edna, In a little four-room house around the corner. It looks so cozy, so inviting and restful. (pp. 79) This pigeon house serves to provide Edna with the comfort and indepe ndence that her old house with her husband never provided. Her freedom she experiences allows her to realize how much control she can have over her life, she had resolved never again to belong to another than herself. (pp. 80) This can be considered one of her many awakenings for she realizes that she does not need a man in order to fulfill and complete her life. It is also important to note the contrast from her previous feelings to the new feelings and abilities that arise after Edna moves into the pigeon house; before when she kisses Arobin in the house of her husband she has feelings of reproach looking at her from the external things around her which he had provided for her external existence. (pp. 84) Yet when she engages with Arobin at her new pigeon-house she experiences no feelings of reproach or regret. This illustrates how she is now more free in this house than she has been in any other setting. There are many symbols in the novel The Awakening, and in this essay three of the most prominent have been examined leading us to a huge conclusion. Clearly it is necessary in this novel, and most others to analyze and apply the occurrences and meanings behind symbols scattered throughout the work. Birds serve as an allusion to Edna herself and as an instrument of foreshadowment in regards to her own demise. The ocean is used numerous times throughout the novel as a source of freedom and self expression that allow Edna a release from everything going on in her life. The last symbol was the many houses that Edna was in during the novel that were representative of her current feelings and were a reflection of her. Without the analysis and acknowledgment of these symbols the story becomes just a simple piece of writing and lacks significant deeper meanings.

To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee - jem scout and dills childhood :: To Kill a Mockingbird Essays

To Kill A Mockingbird. The characters Dill, Scout, and Jem in the book â€Å" To Kill A Mockingbird† by Harper Lee live a somewhat diverse childhood as they become aware of the prejudice in their hometown Maycomb and â€Å"learn to climb into other people’s skin and walk around in it†. In the story the children behave as a child would at their time, but their childhood evolves from playful innocence to realizing the pressures of living in a timeframe where prejudice is all around them. Scout, a 6-year-old tom boy, Jem, Scout’s older brother, and Dill a friend, ignore the prejudice issues currently happening in Maycomb until Scout‘s father, Atticus, is assigned to defend Tom Robinson, a black man accused of raping a white woman. Before this incident the children grow unaware of Atticus’ role as their father and his role in the community. Even as Miss Maudie supports Atticus and tells Scout that â€Å"Atticus is someone who does other people‘s unpleasant jobs for them,† the children are not conscious of their own prejudist ways towards Boo Radley, a â€Å"malevolent phantom† that went outside at night when the moon was down, and peeped in windows and when people’s azaleas froze in a cold snap, it was because he breathed on them. At a point Dill is attracted by this monster to the degree where his curiosity cannot be satisfied and spreads among Scout and Jem. As the children grow up, their view of the world around them is changed by the events that occur in Maycomb. Scout is teased at school because her father is defending a black person. Children at school call Atticus a â€Å"nigger-lover†. Scout does not think twice before beating anybody up and standing up for her father until Atticus asks Scout to ignore all the gossip about them and to â€Å"stop beating up kids at school.† Scout decides to listen to Atticus because Atticus rarely ever asked anything from them. This is when Scout starts to learn how to be a lady and Jem grows up to be a man. Aunt Alexandra’s stay with the Finch’s influences Scout and Jem to be well behaved people of their own fine breeding and higher social status. Jem and Scout suffer a traumatic event that could have ended both of their lives. They were attacked by Bob Ewell, but were saved by Boo Radley when Boo killed Bob and carried Jem to the Finch house because Jem was unconscious and had a broken arm.

The Character of Elizabeth from Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride and

The Character of Elizabeth from Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen, like her most beloved heroine, Elizabeth Bennet, is a keen observer of the nature of man in society. To simplify her studies, and to give her readers a better understanding of the concept of Pride and Prejudice, Austen does not focus our attention on the larger social structure as a whole, but skilfully directs our consideration only to a small, isolated segment of the society. In Pride and Prejudice, Austen scrutinizes a microcosm, people dwelling within similar cultural and social backgrounds, but representatives of the larger human community. Austen demonstrates in Pride and Prejudice through Elizabeth and Darcy that in man's perennial pursuit of the joys in life, those who conform too strictly or not at all to the existing social norms face the danger of never finding their place in life nor ever finding personal happiness. Elizabeth Bennet is a person worthy of our imitation. She is a model because she is different from all the other characters, except Darcy, and because she does not adhere rigidly to the standards set forth by society, "where the family and the community...tend to coerce and even predetermine the volition and aspirations of the self" She is self-reliant and independent, while "contemptuous of all the conventions that restrict the individual's freedom. It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife. The first sentence of the novel Pride and Prejudice highlights the importance of marriage within the world of the novel. The sentence suggests that the sole purpose for marriage was to increase the characters social and financial ranking. The quote m... ...nging from "She had a lively, cheerful disposition, which delighted in anything ridiculous", to "hardly a good feature in her face..." We can see that different people have varying views on her. Her observations lead us through the story, meaning that we see everything through her eyes, and her intelligence and wit mean we enjoy her commentary. At first I was unsure if the title statement was accurate to Elizabeth’s personality. But, like Elizabeth, my views changed, â€Å"Till this moment I never knew myself†, Elizabeth becomes a rational creature speaking the truth from her heart. Without neither family wealth nor wisdom to aid her, Elizabeth's success is an attribute to her inner strength. She is by far the most fascinating character in the book, and I believe all the reasons mentioned prove her to be an independent, unconventional and passionate heroine.

Epilepsy Control Prayer Type Exercise Health And Social Care Essay

Epilepsy is caused by sudden bustles of electrochemical activity in the encephalon, which interrupt the ‘conversation ‘ among nerve cells. Consciousness, memory, sense, address, temper, motion, and gestures can all be affected during the one or two proceedingss that the ictus lasts. Walking, jogging, running and stationary bicycling are peculiarly safe, but particularly â€Å" Prayer type yoga exercising † clearly benefits epileptic dwellers to command epilepsy because it frequently reduces ictus frequence, relieves depression, decreases societal segregation, and promotes cardiac and general wellness. This paper proposes the survey about yoga â€Å" Prayer † , which is non truly an exercising but similar to yoga, assisting in commanding of epilepsy and besides physically, mentally, spiritually relaxation can besides be achieved through this method. Spiritual spiritual believe and patterns have an of import impact on both physical and mental wellness. The consequence of exercising on ictus frequence and abrasiveness [ 1, 2 ] has been demonstrated, and exercising may confabulate a protective consequence on epileptic patients [ 3, 4 ] . Patients who contribute in physical activity present fewer ictuss than inactive patients, but neither the cause nor the consequence are established [ 1 ] . However, the alterations in the EEG created by exercising and the reduced response to hyperventilation after exercising are associated to steel cell acidosis [ 5 ] , bespeaking that physical exercising suppresses activity and raises the ictus threshold. In add-on, effects of physical exercising in human being with epilepsy has been demonstrated [ 6, 7 ] and physical preparation during the chronic period reduces the frequence of ictuss [ 7 ] . Brain metamorphosis during ictuss and interictal periods provides a signal of the cardinal nervous system structures responsible for the coevals, extension, and control of the epileptic activity. Epilepsy is a general term used for a group of upsets that cause instability in electrical signaling in the encephalon. Such as such an office edifice or a computing machine, the encephalon is a extremely complex electrical being, powered by approximately 80 pulsations of energy per second. There are many kinds of ictus i.e. Partial or focal ictuss, complex partial ictus, simple partial ictuss, absence ictuss, tonic-clonic ictuss, myoclonic ictuss, childish cramps, atonic or a kinetic ictuss and feverish ictuss. Before a ictus, many people experience a warning mark called an aura, which may affect a peculiar odor, feeling or ocular consequence. Additionally after a ictus, a individual may be confused, tired, or sleepy, experience musculus achings or tenderness, and may non retrieve what happened. Participating in physical activity and exercising has of import benefits, including preventing, handling and cut downing hazard factors for conditions such as coronary bosom disease, diabetes, high blood pressure and degenerative arthritis. Physical activity can besides positively impact terrible conditions, such as malignant neoplastic disease, and support life style alterations, such as smoking surcease [ 11, 12 ] . Furthermore, people with epilepsy face extra barriers to exert, as epilepsy well impacts their wellness and lifestyle [ 13, 14 ] . Many patients with epilepsy are physically inactive owing to frights of exercise-induced ictuss or counsel given by household members and wellness experts [ 15, 16 ] . Patients with epilepsy who overcome these barriers and concerns, nevertheless, stand to profit from physical activity in a figure of ways, with improved cardiovascular wellness among the most outstanding [ 17 ] . A survey in Scandinavia reported that, where 10 % of the population with epilepsy is prone to holding ictuss induced by strenuous exercising, another 30 % to 40 % of the study population experienced reasonably reduced ictuss following regular physical exercising [ 18 ] . Patients with epilepsy can by and large be confident to prosecute in physical activity, yet because of the specialnesss of each person ‘s epilepsy, audience with a doctor must predate activity [ 18 ] . Epileptic utilizations different ways of aerophilic exercising i.e. Dancing, Swimming, Pilates and yoga, Team athleticss, Weight preparation, Golf, Tennis, Squash, Racket athleticss, Rowing, kayaking, Cycling, Aerobics classes, Walking and jogging, but this paper nowadays another YOGA supplication type exercising, which is really nice as comparison to another exercisings, suited and easy for any one, any clip and besides can execute anyplace. II. Related Background Yoga physical exercising is by and large accepted to lend to general wellness and well-being superior temper, life quality and decrease in symptoms of anxiousness, unhappiness and depression [ 8, 9 ] . Positive physiologic effects, including improved cardiovascular fittingness are good standard [ 8 ] . However, during physical activity ( nonvoluntary hyperventilation ) , the increased respiratory rate is a creative activity of the greater metabolic and respiratory demand. This compensatory mechanism is wholly different from the procedure of non-physiological hyperventilation [ 10 ] . Many people with epilepsy do non take part in physical exercising classs and live a sedentary life [ 24, 26 ] . Momism, isolation, low self-pride, depression, and anxiousness [ 27, 29 ] are considerable barriers to an active life. Furthermore, obstacles for some individuals with epilepsy who desire to populate an active life are the impression that physical activity provokes ictuss and besides do them prone to hurts [ 24 ] . Several surveies have shown a low grade of engagement in physical activities among people with epilepsy [ 25, 26 ] . Although the chief concern with respect to physical exercising by individuals with epilepsy has been exercise-induced ictuss, other factors such as deficiency of preparation installations, jobs with transit, low motive, and fright of qualified teachers who know how to manage such jobs are noted [ 25 ] . Assorted surveies have been designed to analyze this topic comparing physical and societal activities among patients with epilepsy based on questio nnaires and/or clinical surveies [ 24, 30 ] . They besides assess physical fittingness by utilizing standardised trials of physical endurance [ 30, 31 ] and physical preparation plans [ 32 ] . Epidemiologic informations in the literature shows the relationship between epilepsy and physical exercising based on different populations from assorted states [ 25 ] . Observed that patients with epilepsy from a Norse population were half as active physically as the normal population and their physical fittingness corresponded to their sedentary life style. Other surveies have confirmed these findings demoing that people with epilepsy have a low grade of engagement in physical activities [ 24, 33 ] . The existent benefits of physical activities and aerophilic exercising are achieved by increasing bosom rate and take a breathing hard for an drawn-out period of clip. During this aerophilic activity the organic structure produces more energy and delivers more O to musculuss. Heart beats faster and increases the blood flow to musculuss and so back to lungs. Prayer is by and large understood as a communicative act between worlds and the Godhead. Yet as a communicative act it is slightly curious in that God ‘s ( the addressee ‘s ) presence and action is frequently rather unsure. Anthropologist Webb Keane notes, †In contrast to face-to-face brushs of conversation analysis, the presence, battle, and individuality of religious participants in the address event can non ever be presupposed or guaranteed [ 34 ] . Prayer frequently seeks to convey about interaction between human existences and other sorts of existences that would ( or should ) non otherwise occur. Even belief in the ubiquity of deity does non guarantee that one can interact with it † [ 34 ] . In contrast to interactions between worlds, supplication by and large involves uncertainness about whether and how the Godhead listens and responds, doing these dealingss remarkably complex [ 35 ] . Prayers are besides speech Acts of the Apostless, governed by peculiar sorts of address genres. As Keane ‘s quotation mark suggests, the fact that supplications can be distinguished as Acts of the Apostless of communicating with a Godhead histrion ( presence or agent ) organizes the certainties and uncertainnesss within these speech Acts of the Apostless in different ways [ 36 ] . Recent psychological literature concentrating on supplication and faith wages relatively small attending to non-agentic, subjective constructs of deity. Building on psychobiological evolutionary theoretical accounts of faith ‘s outgrowth as a response to peculiar biological and psychological riddles, Gods are interpreted and posited as speculations that play certain maps [ 37 ] . Increasing grounds suggests that religious and spiritual beliefs and patterns have an of import impact on both physical and mental wellness [ 19 ] . Data suggest that faith and spiritualty may be protective against physical and psychological unwellness every bit good as of import tools for get bying with life stressors [ 19 ] . More specifically, spiritualty has been shown to increase resiliency to depression in persons enduring from terminal unwellnesss religionism has been correlated with improved psychosocial accommodation in malignant neoplastic disease patients [ 20, 21 ] . In add-on, religious patterns, such as mindfulness speculation, have been associated with emphasis decrease and improved header among several populations, including chronic hurting patients, persons with panic upset [ 22 ] and overworked medical pupils [ 23 ] . III. Methodology and Results Yoga consists of a figure of â€Å" Asnas † or organic structure places, which one retains for a coveted length of clip while either declaiming â€Å" Mantras † or take a breathing in a rhythmic mode. Its benefits have been researched by many physicians who now recommend it to their patients, by many medical schools such as Harvard, and by many foundations such as the Menninger Foundation. The Muslim supplication has five places, and they all ( every bit good as the recitations we make while executing the supplication ) have a corresponding relationship with our religious and mental good being, harmonizing to modern scientific research. Muslims pray five times a twenty-four hours, which each supplication made of a series of positions and motions, each set of which is called a rak'ah. The benefits of executing specific motions and recitations each twenty-four hours come from the right rendering of the place or action itself, the length of clip the place is held, and from careful and right recitation techniques. Each of the five supplication places has a corresponding yoga place, and the places together â€Å" trip † all seven â€Å" chakras † ( energy Fieldss ) in the organic structure. The TAKBIR and AL-QIYYAM together are really similar to the â€Å" MOUNTAIN POSE † in yoga, which has been found to better position, balance, and self-awareness. This place besides normalizes blood force per unit area and external respiration, therefore supplying many benefits to asthma and bosom patients. Fig 1. Takbir Mountain Pose Figure 1. Takbir in supplication and Mountain in yoga. The arrangement of the custodies on the thorax during the Qiyyam place are said to trip the â€Å" SOLAR PLEXUS † chakra or nervus tract, which directs our consciousness of ego in the universe and controls the wellness of the muscular system, tegument, bowels, liver, pancreas, gall bladder and eyes. When the custodies are held unfastened for du'a, they activate the bosom â€Å" chakra, † said to be the centre of the feelings of love, harmoniousness and peace to command love and compassion. It besides governs the wellness of the bosom, lungs, Thymus, immune system, and circulatory system. Fig 2. Qiyyam Solar Plexus Figure 2. Qiyyam in supplication and Solar Plexus in yoga. The place of RUKU is really similar to the â€Å" FORWARD BEND † Position in yoga. Ruku stretches the musculuss of the lower dorsum, thighs, legs and calves, and allows blood to be pumped down into the upper trunk. It tones the musculuss of the tummy, venters, and kidneys. Forming a right angle allows the tummy muscles to develop and prevents limpness in the mid-section. This place besides promotes a greater flow of blood into the upper parts of organic structure – peculiarly to the caput, eyes, ears, nose, encephalon, and lungs – leting mental toxins to be released. Over clip, this improves encephalon map and 1s personality. This is an first-class stance to keep the proper place of the foetus in pregnant adult females. Fig 3. Ruku Forward Bend Figure 3. Ruku in supplication and Forward Bend in yoga. The SUJUD is said to trip the â€Å" CROWN CHAKRA † which is related to a individual ‘s religious connexion with the existence around them and their enthusiasm for religious chases. This nervus tract is besides correlated to the wellness of the encephalon, nervous system, and pineal secretory organ. Its healthy map balances 1s interior and exterior energies. In Sujud, we besides bend articulatio genuss. Therefore triping the â€Å" BASE CHAKRA † , this controls basic human endurance inherent aptitudes and provides indispensable foundation. Sujud helps to develop healthy and positive thought along with a extremely motivated position of life, and maintains the wellness of the lymph and skeletal systems, the prostate, vesica, and the adrenal secretory organs. We besides bend the â€Å" sacral chakra † during Sujud. Thus benefiting and chanting the generative variety meats. Fig 4. Sujud Crown Chakra Figur 4. Sujud in pray and Crown in yoga. The place of AL-QAADAH, ( Julus ) is similar to the â€Å" THUNDERBOLT POSE † in yoga, which houses the toes, articulatio genuss, thighs and legs. It is said to be good for those prone to inordinate slumber, and those who like to maintain long hours. Furthermore, this place assists in speedy digestion, aids the detoxification of the liver, and stimulates peristaltic action in the big bowel. Fig 5. Tashahhud Thunderbolt Pose Figure 5. Qiyyam in supplication and Thunderbolt Pose in yoga. Last, but non least, the SALAM as â€Å" THROAT CHAKRA † in yoga is activated by turning the caput towards first the right and so the left shoulder in the shutting of the supplication. This nerve way is linked to the pharynx, cervix, weaponries, custodies, bronchial, and hearing – set uping single creativeness and communicating. It is believed that a individual who activates all nervus tracts at least one time a twenty-four hours can stay good balanced emotionally, physically and spiritually. The physicians and medical practicians suggest for the epileptic YOGA, but in this paper we proved that pray has really close similarities with PRAYER. Since this is the end of all sincere Muslims, we all should endeavor to achieve the flawlessness of stance, recitation and external respiration recommended in the Hadith while executing our supplications the really same techniques of flawlessness taught in popular yoga, Tai Chi, and many other exercising classes.A IV. Decision Interestingly, for the 1000000s of people enrolled in yoga categories, the Islamic signifier of supplication has provided Muslims for 14 centuries with some of yoga ‘s same ( and even superior ) benefits. This simple signifier of â€Å" YOGA † offers physical, mental, and religious benefits five times a twenty-four hours. â€Å" Prayer is one of the greatest and most first-class agencies of nurturing the new nature, and of doing the psyche to boom and thrive. â€Å" These were some really meaningful words spoken by Jonathan Edwards over 200 old ages ago in his celebrated discourse on supplication. Timess have changed and so his society, but Edward ‘s message remains dateless. Prayer has non changed nor has its astonishing benefits. This paper shows that those who pray are physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually healthier than those who do non pray. Those who suffer depression, anxiousness, and even terminal unwellnesss frequently have a quicker healing clip, and more successful endurance rate. Possibly it is this brooding procedure that gives prayer one of its most outstanding benefits. â€Å" Prayer that is invariably and diligently attended to be one of the best agencies of taking non merely an good-humored and pleasant life ; but besides a life of much sweet family with Christ, and of abundant enjoyment of the visible radiation of his visage † , says Edwards in his address. To set it rather merely, when we pray, we are turning closer to the Lord we love. We are easing the battles in our lives and bettering our relationships, all the piece acquiring to cognize Him by larning His word, and using it to our lives in many meaningful ways. However, this is fact that non every supplication will acquire all those good substances and endocrines. If you are interrupted in the center of the supplication, you ca n't obtain the full benefit. In amount, supplication is a sort of still speculation, yet traveling speculation gives better consequence. When you pray, it involves three maps – the oral cavity when you chant, ear as you hear the intonation, and eyes are closed. But in traveling speculation, you will hold to command more of your maps. The more you can command them, the better you can equilibrate your head and organic structure. V. Mentions Denio LS, Drake ME, Pakalnis A. The consequence of exercising on ictus frequence. J Med 1989 ; 20:171-6. Eriksen HR, Ellertsen B, Gronningsaeter H, Nakken KO, Loyning Y, Ursin H. Physical exercising in adult females with intractable epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994 ; 35:1256- 64. Gotze W, Kubicki St, Munter M, Teichmann J. Effect of physical exercising on ictus threshold. Dis Nerv Syst 1967 ; 28:664- 7. Livingston S. Epilepsy and Sports. J Am Med Assoc 1978 ; 224:239. Jalava M, Sillanpaa M. 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Hearts R Us Case Essay

Under normal circumstances, preferred stock is classified as an equity item. However, there are certain cases in which preferred stock could be classified differently on the balance sheet. According to FASB ASC 480-10-25-8, any financial instrument that carries an obligation to repurchase the issuer’s equity shares would be classified as a liability. In this case, the contingent redemption right would fall under this scope dictating that the preferred stock would fall under a liability. The liability would carry a credit balance. It is also imperative to disclose the unusual voting right of electing one board member, the conversion rate, the additional protective rights and the rights of first refusal and co-sale rights in summary form in the financial statements. This falls under FASB ASC 505-10-50-3 which states â€Å"an entity shall explain, in summary form within its financial statements, the pertinent rights and privileges of the various securities outstanding.† Since Hearts R Us did not obtain FDA approval by the fifth year anniversary they are subject to their contingent redemption price which obligates them to redeem the stocks for par value. This is set by FASB ASC 480-10-35-3 which determines that if the settlement price and date, which in this case is the par value for the price and the fifth year anniversary for the date, are fixed then the firm would subsequently pay the fixed amount. This would result in a debit to the account in which the liability was placed under. If Hearts R Us were to fall under SEC requirements, it would still not change because according to FASB ASC 480-10-S99-3A â€Å"preferred securities that are redeemable for cash or other assets to be classified outside of permanent equity if they are redeemable (1) at a fixed or determinable price on a fixed or determinable date, (2) at the option of the holder, or (3) upon the occurrence of an event that is not solely within the control of the issuer.†